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basal angiosperms
The basal angiosperms are the flowering plants which diverged from the lineage leading to most flowering plants. In particular, the most basal angiosperms were called the ANITA grade which is made up of ''Amborella'' (a single species of shrub from New Caledonia), Nymphaeales (water lilies, together with some other aquatic plants) and Austrobaileyales (woody aromatic plants including star anise). ANITA stands for ''Amborella'', Nymphaeales and Illiciales, Trimeniaceae-''Austrobaileya''.〔The earliest angiosperms: evidence from mitochondrial, plastid and nuclear genomes Yin-Long Qiu, Jungho Lee, Fabiana Bernasconi-Quadroni, Douglas E. Soltis, Pamela S. Soltis, Michael Zanis, Elizabeth A. Zimmer, Zhiduan Chen, Vincent Savolainen, Mark W. Chase, Nature, 402, 1999, 404-407〕 Some authors have shortened this to ANA-grade for the three orders, Amborellales, Nymphaeales, and Austrobaileyales, as the order Illiciales was reduced to the family Illiciaceae and placed, along with the family Trimeniaceae, within the Austrobaileyales.
The basal angiosperms are only a few hundred species, compared with hundreds of thousands of species of eudicots, monocots or magnoliids. They diverged from the ancestral angiosperm before the five groups comprising the mesangiosperms diverged from each other.
== Phylogeny ==
The exact relationships between ''Amborella'', Nymphaeales and Austrobaileyales are not yet clear. Although most studies show that ''Amborella'' and Nymphaeales are more basal than Austrobaileyales, and all three are more basal than the mesangiosperms, there is significant molecular evidence in favor of two different trees, one in which ''Amborella'' is sister to the rest of the angiosperms, and one in which a clade of ''Amborella'' and Nymphaeales is in this position. A 2014 paper says that it presents "the most convincing evidence to date that ''Amborella'' plus Nymphaeales together represent the earliest diverging lineage of extant angiosperms".
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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